Experiencias psicóticas autoinformadas: diferencias según la edad y la psicopatología asociada / Self-reported psychotic experiences: differences by age and associated psychopathology

Este trabajo pretende explorar las diferencias en sintomatología psicopatológica que puede haber en la población general adulta con o sin experiencias psicóticas (EP) en función del rango de edad. Se evaluó la presencia de EP, la sintomatología psicopatológica general y diferentes características sociodemográficas y psicosociales en 216 personas sin antecedentes psiquiátricos personales. La muestra se dividió en adultos jóvenes (18-35 años) y maduros (36-60 años). Los jóvenes mostraron una mayor expresión de EP (33,6%). Los adultos maduros con EP presentaban más sintomatología psicopatológica en las dimensiones de hostilidad-ira, somatización, depresión y ansiedad que los adultos maduros sin EP. Los adultos jóvenes con EP mostraron significativamente más síntomas en las mismas dimensiones, así como también en las dimensiones de obsesión-compulsión, ideación paranoide y psicoticismo que los participantes de esta edad sin EP. Las EP son más frecuentes en personas de 18-35 años, sin embargo, pueden estar presentes en distintos rangos de edad y podrían alertar de la presencia de niveles elevados de sintomatología afectiva y de ira-hostilidad. (AU)

This study aims to explore the differences in psychopathological symptoms that may This study aims to explore the differences in psychopathological symptoms that may exist in the general adult population with or without psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), depending on the age range. The presence of PLEs, self-reported general psychopathological symptomatology, and different sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics were assessed in 216 participants without any record of personal psychiatric antecedents. The sample was divided into young adults (18-35 years) and mature adults (36-60 years). The young adults showed a higher expression of PLEs (33.6%). The mature adults with PLEs presented more psychopathological symptoms in the dimensions of hostility-anger, somatization, depression, and anxiety than mature adults without PLEs. Young adults with PLEs showed significantly more symptoms in the same dimensions, and in the obsession-compulsion dimensions, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism, than participants of this age without PLEs. PLEs are more frequent in people between 18-35 years old; however, PLEs can be present in different age ranges and could serve as an alert to high levels of affective and anger-hostility symptoms. (AU)

COVID-19 pandemic and mental health in Spain: An analysis of their relationship using Google Trends.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to examine the public interest that exists on Internet regarding various mental health topics and its relationship with evolution of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Google Trends was used to explore relative search volume (RSV) for the following terms related with mental health (TRMH): "anxiety", "depression", "stress", "insomnia" and "suicide"; between January and December 2020. The cross-correlation function was performed to assess association between new COVID-19 cases and RSV levels for TRMH. Finally, Mann-Whitney test was used to examine differences between RSV values for TRMH before and after of state of alarm declarations on March and October 2020. RESULTS: The "anxiety" term showed the highest RSV indices. A significant correlation was found between new COVID-19 cases and RSV for "anxiety" with a time-lag of +1 week (r=0.49; p<.05). Was found an increase of SRV for "anxiety" (U=0.00; p=.01) and a decrease of SRV for "depression" (U=1.00; p=.04) between 4-week period before and after state of alarm of March 2020. Regarding the state of alarm of October 2020, a higher RSV for "anxiety" (U=0.50; p=.02) was found in the four weeks after it compared with a similar previous period. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety is the mental health topic of greatest public interest on Internet in context of COVID-19 pandemic. Public concern about anxiety rises one week after the increase in COVID-19 cases and is greater after introduction of control measures that entail any type of mobility restriction or activity limitation. There is a greater general need for information on anxiety at specific times in the pandemic evolution.

Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with public interest in mental health: a study between 2020-2022 in Spain.

The possible relationship between vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and mental health has been largely unexplored. We investigated variations in public interest in mental health issues between the different periods of the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 in Spain and before the initiation of the campaign. Using Google Trends, we explored the relative search volume (RSV) for the terms 'anxiety', 'depression', 'stress', 'insomnia', and 'suicide' between 03/01/2020 and 01/15/2022. The RSV was compared for these terms with respect to four periods: the pre-vaccination pandemic period; the period running from initiation of vaccination until 50% of the population was fully vaccinated (FV); the period running from 50% FV to 70% FV; and the period after 70% FV. Differences in the RSV indices were observed between the studied periods for 'anxiety'(F = 6.07; p = 0.001; ƞ2 = 0.16), 'stress' (F = 7.77; p < 0.001; ƞ2 = 0.19), and 'insomnia' (F = 3.80; p = 0.013; ƞ2 = 0.11). A lower RSV was found for 'anxiety', 'stress', and 'insomnia' after 70% FV compared to the two previous vaccination periods. A lower RSV was also found for 'stress' after achieving the milestone of 70% FV in relation to the period prior to initiation of the campaign. In conclusion, there is less need for information on specific mental health topics in the period after 70% FV. In Spain, reaching this vaccination milestone may have had a positive impact on anxiety, stress, and insomnia levels in the population, as reflected in fewer web searches for information on these psychopathological processes. The promotion of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign could take into account the changes observed in this preliminary study with respect to public interest in stress, anxiety, and insomnia once a large percentage of the population has been vaccinated.

Psicopatología general en profesionales sanitarios españoles durante la pandemia de Covid-19 y factores sociolaborales y psicológicos asociados / General psychopathology in Spanish health professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic and associated socio-occupational and psychological factors

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las características sociolaborales, el estrés percibido, las estrategias de afrontamiento y la sintomatología psicopatológica de profesionales sanitarios y la relación entre ellas, durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Participaron 135 sanitarios (médicos, enfermeros y otros), quienes obtuvieron valores superiores a los datos normativos en las puntuaciones medias de las medidas de estrés percibido, ansiedad fóbica y ansiedad. El grupo de médicos mostró un nivel de ansiedad y somatización más bajo que el grupo formado por otros profesionales sanitarios. Ser profesional médico, tener un menor grado de estrés subjetivo percibido, más afrontamiento activo y menos afrontamiento pasivo eran predictores significativos de la presencia de menos síntomas psicopatológicos. La descripción del perfil del profesional sanitario español con un menor riesgo de mostrar sintomatología psicopatológica puede ser de utilidad para identificar a grupos de sanitarios con mayor vulnerabilidad psicológica. Los hallazgos sugieren factores psicológicos específicos de interés a considerar en las intervenciones destinadas al abordaje de las necesidades de salud mental de esta población en el contexto sanitario generado por la Covid-19. (AU)

The objective of this study was to analyze the socio-occupational features, perceived stress, coping strategies and self-reported psychopathological symptoms of different groups of health professionals and the relationship among these variables during the Covid-19 pandemic. One hundred and thirty-five healthcare workers participated (medical staff, nursing staff and other health professionals), who obtained higher values than the normative data in the mean scores of perceived stress, phobic anxiety, and anxiety measures. The medical staff group showed a lower level of anxiety and somatization than the other group of healthcare professionals. Being a medical professional, having a lower level of perceived subjective stress, a greater proportion of active coping and lesser passive coping were significant predictors of fewer psychopathological symptoms. The description of a health professional profile with a lower risk of showing psychopathological symptoms can help identify healthcare groups with greater psychological vulnerability. The findings suggest specific psychological factors of interest to consider in interventions aimed at addressing the mental health needs of this population in the health context generated by Covid-19. (AU)

Neuropsychological functioning and suicidal behaviours in patients with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behaviour is particularly frequent in patients with psychosis. Therefore, prevention is a key objective of mental health policies. The aim of the current work is to systematically review the association between neurocognitive functioning and suicidal behaviour in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Of the 3051 studies reviewed, only 7 met the inclusion criteria. Documents in English from their earliest date of coverage until January 2022 were searched for in the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO (ProQuest), and Springerlink. We used the PICO strategy to collect and categorize the data from each selected manuscript. RESULTS: Overall, the results showed that the risk of suicidal behaviour is higher for FEP patients in the presence of a number of factors: poorer general neuropsychological functioning (except for working memory), poorer social cognition, more depressive symptoms, longer duration of untreated psychosis, higher awareness of the illness, poorer premorbid adjustment, and more frequent cannabis use. DISCUSSION: Comprehensive general neuropsychology and assessment of social cognition, together with routine clinical record keeping, may help to identify FEP patients at a greater risk of attempting suicide.

Mortalidad por COVID-19 y su relación con las búsquedas en internet sobre salud mental durante el primer año de pandemia / COVID-19 mortality and its relationship with internet searches on mental health during the first year of pandemic

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[Psychopathological symptoms during Covid-19 quarantine in spanish general population: a preliminary analysis based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors.] / Síntomas psicopatológicos durante la cuarentena por Covid-19 en población general española: un análisis preliminar en función de variables sociodemográficas y ambientales-ocupacionales.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic disease forced different countries to adopt quarantine measures. These actions could have an impact on mental health in the general population. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in psychopathological symptoms shown by Spanish general population during the COVID-19 quarantine based on sociodemographic, occupational and environmental-contextual variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed in a sample of 151 participants aged between 18-76 years old. The Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire via online was used to measure the severity of psychopathology symptoms. Socio-demographic, environmental and occupational variables were collected with an ad hoc questionnaire. The data were gathered from the 3rd to the 6th of April, 2020. A descriptive and comparative analysis was carried out using parametric contrasts (t test and ANOVA). RESULTS: The younger participants (18-35 years) showed higher levels of hostility (t=2.24; p=0.02), depression (t=2.56; p=0.01), anxiety (t=2.78; p=0.006) and interpersonal sensitivity (t=2.08; p=0.04) than older participants (36-76 years). The active or employed people presented lower values of depressive symptoms (t=2.10; p=0.04) than unemployed people. The participants who dedicate less than 30 minutes on getting informed about COVID-19 showed higher scores for hostility (t=2.36; p=0.02) and interpersonal sensitivity (t=1.98; p=0.04) than participants who indicated dedicating at least 30 minutes. People who played sport daily reported a lower level of somatization symptoms (t=-2.11; p=0.03) than persons that did not play sport. Those who had relatives, acquaintances, etc. with COVID-19 reported higher levels of anxiety (t=2.09; p=0.04) than those who did not have close people infected. Lastly, participants who lived alone showed a higher level of psychoticism (F=3.93; p=0.02) compared to those who lived with more than two people. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that during quarantine can be identified groups with higher psychological vulnerability based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors.

OBJETIVO: La enfermedad pandémica por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha hecho necesaria la adopción de medidas de cuarentena en diferentes países. Estas medidas podrían tener un impacto sobre la salud mental de la población general en confinamiento. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar las diferencias en la sintomatología psicopatológica mostrada por la población general española durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en función de variables sociodemográficas, ambientales y ocupacionales. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio trasversal en una muestra de 151 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 76 años, en el que se utilizó de forma online la versión española del Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire para medir el nivel de síntomas psicopatológicos. Se recogieron también variables sociodemográficas, ambientales y de ocupación (mediante una encuesta ad hoc). La información fue recogida del 3 al 6 abril de 2020. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y comparativo utilizando contrastes paramétricos (prueba t y ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Los participantes más jóvenes (18-35 años) mostraron niveles más altos de hostilidad (t=2,24; p=0,02), depresión (t=2,56; p=0,01), ansiedad (t=2,78; p=0,006) y sensibilidad interpersonal (t=2,08; p=0,04) que los participantes mayores (36-76 años). Las personas activas o empleadas presentaron valores más bajos de síntomas depresivos (t=2,10; p=0,04) que las personas desempleadas. Los participantes que dedicaron menos de 30 minutos a informarse sobre el COVID-19 mostraron puntuaciones más altas en hostilidad (t=2,36; p=0,02) y sensibilidad interpersonal (t=1,98; p=0,04) que los participantes que indicaron dedicar al menos 30 minutos. Las personas que practicaban deporte diariamente informaron de un menor nivel de síntomas de somatización (t=-2,11; p=0,03) que las personas que no practicaban deporte. Aquellos que tenían familiares, conocidos, etc. con COVID-19 informaron de niveles más altos de ansiedad (t=2,09; p=0,04) que aquellos que no tenían a personas cercanas infectadas. Por último, los participantes que vivían solos mostraron un mayor nivel de psicoticismo (F=3,93; p=0,02) en comparación con aquellos que vivían con más de dos personas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que durante la cuarentena se pueden identificar grupos con mayor vulnerabilidad psicológica en función de factores sociodemográficos y ocupacionales-contextuales.

Cannabis use and nonuse in patients with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing neurocognitive functioning.

BACKGROUND: The implications of cannabis use in the onset of early psychosis and the severity of psychotic symptoms have resulted in a proliferation of studies on this issue. However, few have examined the effects of cannabis use on the cognitive symptoms of psychosis (i.e., neurocognitive functioning) in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to assess the neurocognitive functioning of cannabis users (CU) and nonusers (NU) with FEP. METHODS: Of the 110 studies identified through the systematic review of 6 databases, 7 met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 14 independent samples and 78 effect sizes. The total sample included 304 CU with FEP and 369 NU with FEP. The moderator variables were age at first use, duration of use, percentage of males, and age. RESULTS: Effect sizes were not significantly different from zero in any neurocognitive domain when users and NU were compared. Part of the variability in effect sizes was explained by the inclusion of the following moderator variables: (1) frequency of cannabis use (ß = 0.013, F = 7.56, p = 0.017); (2) first-generation antipsychotics (ß = 0.019, F = 34.46, p ≤ 0.001); and (3) country where the study was carried out (ß = 0.266, t = 2.06, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicates that cannabis use is not generally associated with neurocognitive functioning in patients with FEP. However, it highlights the deleterious effect of low doses of cannabis in some patients. It also stresses the importance of the type of antipsychotic prescription and cannabis dose as moderator variables in the neurocognitive functioning of CU with FEP.

A systematic review of online interventions for families of patients with severe mental disorders.

BACKGROUND: Several studies show the effectiveness of face-to-face interventions with families in improving the prognosis of patients with severe psychiatric disorders and their relatives; however, the effectiveness of online interventions is poorly understood. The current study aims to provide an overview of evidence for the effectiveness of online treatments (web/app) for patients with severe psychiatric disorders and their families. METHOD: We performed a systematic review of online treatments for informal family caregivers of patients with a severe psychiatric disorder. The study psychological interventions had to have been administered in an exclusively online format (app, internet) and aimed at families of patients with severe mental disorder (at least one of first episode psychosis, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorder). RESULTS: Of a total of 1331 articles, we identified 9 viable studies; 4 randomized clinical trials, and 5 nonrandomized clinical studies. The present study is the first systematic review in this area. Online interventions were well accepted, with good adherence and satisfaction among the caregivers and patients and improved the symptoms of both caregivers and patients. LIMITATIONS: Clinical and methodological diversity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Burden improved, and perceived stress decreased in families. Moreover, the severity of positive symptoms decreased and fewer hospitalizations were recorded in patients than in the control group. Therefore, online interventions are a promising therapeutic approach for patients with severe mental disorder and their families. However, more studies-particularly randomized clinical trials-are needed in this area.

Síntomas psicopatológicos durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en población general española: un análisis preliminar en función de variables sociodemográficas y ambientales-ocupacionales / Psychopathological symptoms during Covid-19 quarantine in spanish general population: a preliminary analysis based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors

OBJETIVO: La enfermedad pandémica por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha hecho necesaria la adopción de medidas de cuarentena en diferentes países. Estas medidas podrían tener un impacto sobre la salud mental de la población general en confinamiento. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar las diferencias en la sintomatología psicopatológica mostrada por la población general española durante la cuarentena por COVID-19 en función de variables sociodemográficas, ambientales y ocupacionales. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio trasversal en una muestra de 151 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 76 años, en el que se utilizó de forma online la versión española del Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire para medir el nivel de síntomas psicopatológicos. Se recogieron también variables sociodemográficas, ambientales y de ocupación (mediante una encuesta ad hoc). La información fue recogida del 3 al 6 abril de 2020. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y comparativo utilizando contrastes paramétricos (prueba t y ANOVA). RESULTADOS: Los participantes más jóvenes (18-35 años) mostraron niveles más altos de hostilidad (t=2,24; p = 0,02), depresión (t=2,56; p = 0,01), ansiedad (t=2,78; p = 0,006) y sensibilidad interpersonal (t=2,08; p = 0,04) que los participantes mayores (36-76 años). Las personas activas o empleadas presentaron valores más bajos de síntomas depresivos (t=2,10; p = 0,04) que las personas desempleadas. Los participantes que dedicaron menos de 30 minutos a informarse sobre el COVID-19 mostraron puntuaciones más altas en hostilidad (t=2,36; p = 0,02) y sensibilidad interpersonal (t=1,98; p = 0,04) que los participantes que indicaron dedicar al menos 30 minutos. Las personas que practicaban deporte diariamente informaron de un menor nivel de síntomas de somatización (t=-2,11; p = 0,03) que las personas que no practicaban deporte. Aquellos que tenían familiares, conocidos, etc. con COVID-19 informaron de niveles más altos de ansiedad (t=2,09; p = 0,04) que aquellos que no tenían a personas cercanas infectadas. Por último, los participantes que vivían solos mostraron un mayor nivel de psicoticismo (F=3,93; p = 0,02) en comparación con aquellos que vivían con más de dos personas. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que durante la cuarentena se pueden identificar grupos con mayor vulnerabilidad psicológica en función de factores sociodemográficos y ocupacionales-contextuales

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic disease forced different countries to adopt quarantine measures. These actions could have an impact on mental health in the general population. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences in psychopathological symptoms shown by Spanish general population during the COVID-19 quarantine based on sociodemographic, occupational and environmental-contextual variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional pilot study was performed in a sample of 151 participants aged between 18-76 years old. The Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire via online was used to measure the severity of psychopathology symptoms. Socio-demographic, environmental and occupational variables were collected with an ad hoc questionnaire. The data were gathered from the 3rd to the 6th of April, 2020. A descriptive and comparative analysis was carried out using parametric contrasts (t test and ANOVA). RESULTS: The younger participants (18-35 years) showed higher levels of hostility (t=2.24; p = 0.02), depression (t=2.56; p = 0.01), anxiety (t=2.78; p = 0.006) and interpersonal sensitivity (t=2.08; p = 0.04) than older participants (36-76 years). The active or employed people presented lower values of depressive symptoms (t=2.10; p = 0.04) than unemployed people. The participants who dedicate less than 30 minutes on getting informed about COVID-19 showed higher scores for hostility (t=2.36; p = 0.02) and interpersonal sensitivity (t=1.98; p = 0.04) than participants who indicated dedicating at least 30 minutes. People who played sport daily reported a lower level of somatization symptoms (t=-2.11; p = 0.03) than persons that did not play sport. Those who had relatives, acquaintances, etc. with COVID-19 reported higher levels of anxiety (t=2.09; p = 0.04) than those who did not have close people infected. Lastly, participants who lived alone showed a higher level of psychoticism (F=3.93; p = 0.02) compared to those who lived with more than two people. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study show that during quarantine can be identified groups with higher psychological vulnerability based on sociodemographic and occupational-contextual factors

Preventing child sexual abuse from the offenders' side: prevention Dunkelfeld Project / Prevenir el abuso sexual infantil desde el lado del agresor: proyecto Dunkelfeld de prevención

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Factores explicativos del funcionamiento en memoria en pacientes con síndrome de fibromialgia / Explanatory factors in memory performance in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

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The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the variables that may be associated with memory performance in a group of patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The study examines the relationship among memory performance and socio-demographic, psychological and somatic variables; it also attempts to estimate the explanatory power of the studied variables in memory performance. A total of 20 participants diagnosed with FM completed various measures of memory performance (immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition and working memory), and different psychological (attentional span, anxious-depressive symptoms and personality) and somatic measures (somatic symptoms and pain intensity). Significant correlations were found among memory performance capacities and the different types of variables evaluated. The subsequent regression analysis showed that only the variables years of study, pain intensity and attentional span were independently associated with immediate recall, recognition memory and working memory. These findings suggest that in this sample the examined psychosocial and somatic variables are associated differentially with different memory capacities. This study contributes to learning more about variables associated with memory performance on FM (AU)

Valoración psicométrica de la simulación de síntomas psíquicos en el ámbito forense / Psychometric assessment of malingering psychical symptoms in the forensic context

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Epidemiología de la sumisión química con fines sexuales / Epidemiology of drug-facilitated sexual assault

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